pinus kwangtungensis, growing in the east of dashiwei tiankeng, is a wild plant species under second national protection. as an endangered and scarcely distributed tree species, it mainly grows in nanling mountain areas, particularly on the area with little access to transportation or the cliffs.

    fokienia hodginsii, growing in the cliff of dashiwei tiankeng, is a wild plant species under second national protection. as an evergreen arbor, it can reach up to 30 m or higher and has a circumference of 1 m. it is monoecious and mainly grows in the mixed coniferous broadleaf forest in the central and southern subtropical zone at the altitude of 1000~1500 m.  it has strong wind loading rating.

    brevifolia, growing in the cliff of dashiwei tiankeng, is an endangered wild plant species under second national protection. it is exclusive in china and the only pseudotsuga species that grows in the limestone mountain areas. they scarcely grow in the karst open wood land at the altitude of 400~1250 m, which are of great significance for the rehabilitation of vegetation in the rocky mountain areas in the south of china.

    cyathea spinulosa flourished in the jurassic period and the cretaceous period in the mesozoic era and underwent the fourth glacial period. it remains growing and multiplying in few areas and becomes very precious relic plants from the early glacial period. it is regarded as the “living fossil of paleontologic species” and listed as a plant species under second national protection. 43 cyathea spinulosa trees are found near the gully of linwang tun, shangli village, youping township in leye county. covering an area of 8,100 square meters, they are 3-6 m in height, 20~20 cm in circumference and 3~7m in crown.

    dashiwei allantodia grows in the limes marginis or stone lacune in the forest at the altitude of 300~550 m. with the height of 50~80 cm or above, the species is found in guangxi, sichuan and guizhou province. so far, it is only found at the bottom of dashiwei tiankeng in leye county.

    manglietia aromatica dandy, growing at the bottom of dashiwei tiankeng, is an endangered wild plant species under second national protection. as an evergreen arbor, the tree can reach 30 m in height and 140 cm in circumference. it scarcely grows in some limestone mountain areas in yunnan and guangxi province at the altitude of 800~1500 m. it is a sun species and mostly at the upper arbor layer. the arbor layer at the bottom of dashiwei tiankeng mainly consists of manglietia aromatica dandy, a landmark plant species of dashiwei tiankeng.

handeliodendron bodinieri, a plant species under first grade of national protection

    cycad: as the oldest gymnosperm, it once grew with the dinosaur at the same period and is regarded as “the living fossil of the plant”. it originated in the permian period in the paleozoic era and started to flourish in the triassic period in the mesozoic era (225 million years from now). it grew nearly all over the world and reached its most flourishing period in the jurassic period (190 million years from now). it gradually declined from the cretaceous period (136 million years from now). at present, only some cycad species are found survive in sichuan, yunnan and guangxi. up to date, dozens of wild cycad have been found in yachang forestry farm in leye county.

    huomai secondary primitive forest is located on the mountain areas near yanglin village in tongle township. covering an area of 1 square kilometer, it is a well reserved secondary primitive forest in the karst areas especially in leye county. the thick forest is mainly composed of small and medium arbors, which include about 20 arbor species such as pistacia cinensis bunge, acer buergerianum miq, gupressus funebrus eudl, platycarya strobilacea, ziziphus jujube, cinnamomum saxitilis h.w.li, schefflera actinphylla, euonymus japonicus l. and koelrenteria paniculata and several other shrub species.

    the temperature in buliuhe scenic area is 19.7℃ and the rainfall is 1348 mm, it growed the buliuhe forest, which is low-elevation seasonal quasi-pristine rainforest in dry-warm river valley; it features seasonal rainforest below 600m in elevation, evergreen broad-leaved forest between 600-800m in elevation and evergreen - deciduous forest or shrub above 800m in elevation.

the main rare plants in buliuhe karst gorge